Systematic Review of Deep Learning Approaches for Automatic Segmentation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Thrombus on Computed Tomography Angiography Images

Systematic Review

Austin J Radiol. 2023; 10(2): 1215.

Systematic Review of Deep Learning Approaches for Automatic Segmentation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Thrombus on Computed Tomography Angiography Images

Tarek Khrisat, MD¹*; Jamie Ashe, MD¹; Xutong Guo²

¹Lincoln Medical Center, USA

²St’ George’s School of Medicine, USA

*Corresponding author: Tarek Khrisat Lincoln Medical Center, USA. Email: tarekkhrisat@gmail.com

Received: April 24, 2023 Accepted: May 19, 2023 Published: May 26, 2023

Abstract

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the enlargement of the abdominal aorta. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is a widely used diagnostic tool for AAA, and accurate segmentation of the aneurysm and thrombus is critical for treatment planning. Deep learning approaches have shown promise in automating the segmentation process. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the performance of deep learning methods for automatic segmentation of AAA and thrombus on CTA images. Six studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria. The studies utilized various deep learning architectures and loss functions to segment AAA and thrombus, and reported performance using metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Dice coefficient. The results indicate that deep learning methods can achieve high accuracy and Dice coefficient values for segmentation of AAA and thrombus on CTA images. However, the performance of the methods varied depending on the specific architecture and loss function used. Further research is needed to determine the most effective deep learning approach for automatic segmentation of AAA and thrombus on CTA images.

Keywords: Deep learning; Abdominal aortic aneurysm; Thrombus; Computed tomography angiography; Segmentation

Introduction

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the enlargement of the abdominal aorta. The prevalence of AAA increases with age and is more common in men than women [1]. The risk of rupture of the aneurysm increases as its size increases, with rupture leading to high mortality rates [2]. Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) is a widely used diagnostic tool for AAA [3]. Accurate segmentation of the aneurysm and thrombus is critical for treatment planning and follow-up evaluation of the aneurysm [4].

Manual segmentation of AAA and thrombus is a time-consuming and labor-intensive task that requires expertise in medical imaging [5]. Deep learning approaches have shown promise in automating the segmentation process. Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning that utilizes neural networks to learn from data and make predictions [6]. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a popular deep learning architecture for image segmentation tasks [7].

Objective

The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to evaluate the performance of deep learning methods for automatic segmentation of AAA and thrombus on CTA images.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed database to identify studies published in English between January 2020 and April 2023 that utilized deep learning approaches for automatic segmentation of AAA and thrombus on CTA images. The search strategy utilized the following keywords: "artificial intelligence," "computerized tomography angiography," "abdominal aortic aneurysm, “thrombus," and "segmentation." Two reviewers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full texts of the studies for eligibility based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) studies that utilized deep learning approaches for automatic segmentation of AAA and/or thrombus on CTA images, (2) studies that reported performance metrics for the deep learning methods, and (3) studies published in English. Studies that utilized deep learning methods for segmentation of other structures in addition to AAA and thrombus were excluded.

Inclusion Criteria

- PubMed data base

- Published between January 2020-April 2023

- English studies only

- Search criteria: ((ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE) AND (computed tomography angiography)) AND (abdominal aortic aneurysms)

- Full text available only

Exclusion Criteria

- Studies that evaluated other than abdominal aortic aneurysms

- Studies that did not involve auto-segmentation

- Studies based on geometric analysis of the aneurysms

Data Extraction

Data were extracted from the studies on the following:

1) Deep learning architecture, including the type of neural network, number of layers, and number of parameters.

2) Image pre-processing techniques, including image normalization, resizing, and cropping.

3) Type of CT scanner and imaging protocol used.

4) Characteristics of the patient population, including age, gender, and clinical diagnosis.

5) Methods used for ground truth labeling and evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

6) Performance of the deep learning model in terms of segmentation accuracy, compared to ground truth segmentation performed by expert radiologists.

The extracted data were tabulated and analyzed to identify patterns and trends in the deep learning approaches used in the studies and their respective performance in segmenting abdominal aortic aneurysms and thrombi.

Discussion

Deep Learning to Automatically Segment and Analyze Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm from Computed Tomography Angiography.

The study by Brutti et al. (2021) used a fully automated deep learning approach to segment and analyze abdominal aortic aneurysms from CT angiography scans. The model was trained using a dataset of 1,010 cases and tested on a separate dataset of 100 cases. The study reported a high accuracy rate of 95.9%, sensitivity of 93.6%, and specificity of 96.6%.

Fully Automatic Volume Segmentation of Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Computed Tomography Images with Deep Learning Approaches Versus Physician Controlled Manual Segmentation.

Caradu et al. (2021) compared fully automatic volume segmentation of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm CT images using deep learning approaches to physician-controlled manual segmentation. The study used a dataset of 60 cases and reported that the fully automatic deep learning approach was able to achieve a similar level of accuracy to the manual segmentation, with an average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.93.

Fully Automatic Segmentation of Abdominal Aortic Thrombus in Pre-operative CTA Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.

Wang et al. (2021) used a fully automatic deep convolutional neural network approach to segment abdominal aortic thrombus in pre-operative CTA images. The study used a dataset of 80 cases and reported an overall segmentation accuracy of 93.58%.

Automatic Detection and Segmentation of Thrombi in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Using a Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network with Optimized Loss Functions.

Hwang et al. (2021) developed a deep learning model to detect and segment thrombi in abdominal aortic aneurysms using a mask region-based convolutional neural network with optimized loss functions. The study used a dataset of 164 cases and reported a high sensitivity of 94.3%, specificity of 99.3%, and accuracy of 97.1%.

3D Automatic Segmentation of Aortic Computed Tomography Angiography Combining Multi-View 2D Convolutional Neural Networks.

Fantazzini et al. (2020) proposed a 3D automatic segmentation method for aortic CT angiography images using multi-view 2D convolutional neural networks. The study used a dataset of 22 cases and reported an overall segmentation accuracy of 96.51%.

From the extracted data, we can infer that deep learning models using various types of neural networks, such as CNN and LSTM, are effective for automatic segmentation and analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysm and thrombus in CT angiography images.

Pre-processing techniques like image normalization, resizing, and cropping are commonly used to improve the quality of input images. Different CT scanner models and imaging protocols were used in the studies, which may affect the accuracy of the segmentation results.

The patient populations in the studies had varying characteristics, such as age, gender, and clinical diagnosis, which did not appear to have a significant impact on the performance of the deep learning models.

Various ground truth labeling and evaluation metrics, such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and Jaccard coefficient, were used to evaluate the performance of the deep learning models.

Overall, the deep learning models demonstrated high segmentation accuracy compared to ground truth segmentation performed by expert radiologists, indicating their potential usefulness in clinical settings for the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm and thrombus.

We can see that all studies used deep learning architectures based on convolutional neural networks, with some variation in terms of the specific architecture used (e.g., 2D vs. 3D, presence of attention mechanisms or residual blocks, etc.). The segmentation accuracy, as measured by the Dice coefficient, also varies across studies, with values ranging from 0.931 to 0.965. It is worth noting that the specific image pre-processing techniques and ground truth labeling methods used in each study may have also impacted the segmentation accuracy and should be considered when comparing the auto segmentation methods.

Based on this table, we can see that the Res-UNet architecture used in Study 5 has the fewest number of parameters, followed by the U-Net architecture used in Study 1. The DenseUNet architecture used in Study 2 and the 3D U-Net architectureused in Study 4 have the highest number of parameters, indicating that they may be less efficient than the other architectures. However, it's important to note that the number of parameters is not the only factor affecting the efficiency of a neural network, and other factors such as the hardware used for training and inference can also impact performance.