Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: Randomized Double Blind Placebo Control Study

Research Article

Int J Nutr Sci. 2023; 8(2): 1075.

Safety and Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: Randomized Double Blind Placebo Control Study

Ortega-Jordá RE; Rivero YD*; López GAI; Ríos LJJ; Papaqui TJS; Caballero LCG; álvarez CJA

Servicio de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Puebla, Puebla, México

*Corresponding author: Rivero YD Servicio de Alergología e Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Puebla. Calle 25 poniente 1301 Col. Volcanes, C.P.72410, Puebla, México. Tel: 52 222 708 6434 Email: driveroy@hotmail.com; daniela.riveroy@correo.buap.mx

Received: June 10, 2023 Accepted: July 10, 2023 Published: July 17, 2023

Introduction

Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E, caused by exposure to allergens and characterized by the presence of one or more of the following symptoms: nasal itching, rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, and sneezing. With a great impact on both health and quality of life deterioration, as well as on productivity, involving high costs [1]. Its worldwide prevalence has increased over the last 30 years, currently reported at 15-25% [2].

Vitamin D is produced when the cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol, is exposed to UVB rays in the liver, where it is converted to 25-OH-D. Kidneys, immune cells and keratinocytes express the CYP27B1 enzyme, which mediates the resulting additional hydroxylation to 1, 25-OH-D (calcitriol). In the innate immune system, 1, 25-OH-D increases chemotaxis, autophagy, phagolysosome fusion, defensin and cathelicidin production by macrophages, monocytes, and keratinocytes. In the adaptive immune system, it causes inhibition of the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In monocytes and macrophages, it decreases the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) molecules, CD80/86, decreasing antigen presentation. In dendritic cells, it inhibits the production of IL-12 and IL-23 and stimulates the production of IL-10. It modulates the response of T lymphocytes, decreasing their proliferation, inducing apoptosis of autoreactive lymphocytes, and increasing regulatory T lymphocytes, FoxP3 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA 4) [3-6] (Figure 1).