Dietary Sorghum Prevents the Elevation of Blood Pressure in KK-Ay Mice

Short Communication

Austin J Nutr Metab. 2015;2(1): 1013.

Dietary Sorghum Prevents the Elevation of Blood Pressure in KK-Ay Mice

Watanabe N1*, Sakamoto Y2, Fujimoto M3, Takumi M3 and Takamura Y4

1Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Showa Women’s University, Japan

2Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Ochanomizu University, Japan

3Koyo Sangyo Co., Ltd, Japan

4Mottainai Biomass Research Corporation, Japan

*Corresponding author: Nakamichi Watanabe, Graduate School of Human Life Sciences, Showa Women’s University, Japan

Received: April 10, 2015; Accepted: May 16, 2015; Published: June 01, 2015

Abstract

We validated the effect of sorghum wax on disease progression in KK-Ay/ TaJcl mice. We revealed that dietary sorghum wax prevented the elevation of systolic blood pressure accompanied by a decrease of plasma angiotensin-2. This beneficial effect might be induced by the decrease of white adipose tissue weight, reduced secretion of angiotensinogen, and increase of brown adipose tissue weight.

Keywords: Blood pressure; KK-Ay; Octacosanol; Policosanol; Sorghum; Wax

Introduction

Octacosanol is a 28-carbon aliphatic alcohol that exists in/on rice bran, sugarcane, wheat, and maize. Research associated with octacosanol was started in the 1960s by Cureton. He suggested that dietary octacosanol, derived from wheat germ, increased physical endurance and improved skeletal muscle function [1]. Octacosanol has been used as a medicine for dyslipidemia to decrease plasma cholesterol in Cuba since the 1990s. Moreover, intake of octacosanol has been suggested to have beneficial effects on hypercholesterolemia and type-2 diabetes in humans [2,3].

Long-chain aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, and fatty acids with a high melting point are considered to be wax. Much wax is present on the epidermis of the stalk of sorghum, an annual plant of the Gramineae family. The wax is comprised of policosanol (-OH) and policosanal (-CHO), such as octacosanol (C28-OH), octacosanol (C28-CHO), triacontanol (C30-OH), and triacontanal (C30-CHO) [4]. Therefore, the intake of sorghum wax is expected to be effective in preventing dyslipidemia.

Because dyslipidemia is induced by obesity, we selected KKAy/ TaJcl mice for this investigation. These mice are generally used as a model of type-2 diabetes and exhibit hyperphagia, obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia [5,6]. The aim of this study was to validate the effect of sorghum wax on disease progression in KK-Ay/ TaJcl mice.

Materials and Methods

Animals and experimental protocol

Four-week-old male KK-Ay/TaJcl mice were purchased from CLEA Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). The mice were kept in individual plastic cages at 23 ± 2°C with a 12-hour light-dark cycle (light from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.). After mice were acclimated for one week on commercial non-purified chow diet (CRF-1: Charles River Laboratories Japan Inc.), they were divided into control and sorghum groups (n = 8 / group) to allow the HbA1c levels of each group to be equal at the outset. The experimental diets of each group were prepared based on an AIN-93G diet. The diet of the sorghum group contained 0.5 w/w% sorghum waxes, whereas that of the control group contained 0.5 w/w% olive oil instead of sorghum wax. The wax consisted of 1.7 w/w% octacosanol, 3.8 w/w% triacontanol, w/ w10.8 % octacosanol, and 36.8 w/w% triacontanal. The mice were provided with the food and water ad libitum. Body weight, food intake, water intake, and blood pressure were measured once 7 days. After feeding with the experimental diets for 6 weeks, the mice were euthanized by decapitation and samples of blood and organs were collected. The blood samples were used to measure HbA1c, and the remainder of each sample was centrifuged at 1,900 × g for 10 min to obtain plasma. Plasma samples were used to measure glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and angiotensin-2. This study was approved by the experimental animal ethics committee of Showa Women’s University and was performed according to the experimental animal guidelines.

Measurement of blood parameters

HbA1c was measured with DCA Vantage (Siemens Japan K.K., Tokyo, Japan). Plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were measured using commercial kits, i.e. the Glucose C-test, Cholesterol E-test, and Triglyceride E-test, respectively (Wako Pure Chem., Osaka, Japan). Plasma levels of insulin, adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and angiotensin-2 were measured using commercial ELISA kits, i.e. Ultra Sensitive Mouse Insulin ELISA kit (Morinaga Institute of Biological Science, Kanagawa, Japan), Adiponectin Mouse ELISA kit (R&D Systems Inc., Minnesota, USA), Resistin Mouse ELISA kit (R&D Systems Inc., Minnesota, USA), Leptin Mouse ELISA kit (R&D Systems Inc., Minnesota, USA), and Angiotensin-2 EIA kit (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals Inc., California, USA), respectively.

Measurement of systolic blood pressure

We measured blood pressure using a non-invasive tail-cuff approach with a BP-98A-L (Softron, Tokyo, Japan). Blood pressure was measured in triplicate, and then calculated mean value.

Statistical analysis

All data are expressed as the mean ± standard error. We used student’s unpaired t-test to evaluate significant differences between the control and sorghum groups. Significant difference was achieved when the P-value was under 0.05.

Results

Body weight, food intake, water intake, and some organs weights

As shown in Table 1, the epididymis white adipose tissue (WAT) weight of the sorghum group was significantly lower than that of the control group, whereas the interspacular brown adipose tissue (BAT) weight of the sorghum group was significantly higher than that of the control group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two experimental groups in body weight, food intake, water intake, or the weights of the heart, liver, spleen, kidney, and pancreas and calf skeletal muscles.