Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Gurage Zone Enemorena Ener Woreda, Ethiopia

Special Article - Protein Diet

Austin J Nutri Food Sci. 2018; 6(2): 1103.

Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Gurage Zone Enemorena Ener Woreda, Ethiopia

Tamirat TG¹* and Tsegaye L²

¹Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Industry Development Institute, Ethiopia

²Enemorena Ener Woreda Agricultural Developemnt Office, Ethiopia

Corresponding author: Tamirat TG, Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Industry Development Institute, p.o.box -1537 Bishoftu, Ethiopia; Email: tamoplus@gmail.com

Received: March 16, 2018; Accepted: May 08, 2018; Published: May 15, 2018

Abstract

The study was conducted in Enemorena Ener woreda of Southern Nation Nationalities of Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis. First questioner survey was conducted from 100 farmers from different peasant association and 67(67%) of the asked people says it is predominant disease in the study area and then Blood samples were taken from a total of 384 indigenous cattle managed under small holder mixed crop livestock production, Blood Buffy coat dark ground phase appear contrast microscopic technique was used for detection of the trypanosomes in the blood samples, Packed Cell Volume (PCV) to degree of anemia caused by trypanosomosis, the overall prevalence of 20 (5.2%) bovine trypanosomosis was recorded in the study area. Predominant species of trypanosome encountered during the study period were Trypanosoma congolonsce with prevalence of 17(85%) followed by Trypanosoma vivax 3(15%) but there was no mixed infection observed. PCV evaluation showed that 90(23.4) were <24% and 294(76.6%) were >24% the mean PCV of parasetemic animals indicating the importance of bovine trypanosomosis in causing anemia. The result of the questioners and present study revealed that trypanosomosis is important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the study area. There for a high commitment of the community is required to fully and willingly participate in the operation to effectively control and finally eradicate trypanosomosis and make the land free for agriculture and livestock production.

Keywords: Bovine; Enemorena Ener woreda; Gurage zone; Prevalence; Trypanosomosis

Introduction

Trypanosomosis is a disease caused by several species of protozoan parasite (trypanosomes) found in the blood and other tissue of vertebrates including livestock, wild life and people [1-3]. It is one of the most important disease of livestock, which makes the land difficult for agricultural production and human settlement in considerable part of the world especially in sub Saharan Africa including Ethiopia [4-7].

Trypanosomosis in livestock causes great losses in terms of mortality, abortion, reduced fertility, milk and meat production, and ability to work as traction animals [8].

In Ethiopia Trypanosomosis is one of the most important disease limiting livestock productivity and agricultural development due to its high prevalence in the most arable and fertile land of South West and North West part of the country following the greater river basin of Abay, Omo, Gibe and Baro with a high potential for agricultural development [9].

It can be transmitted between the host mainly by tsetse flies cyclically, by other biting flies mechanically and other means of transmission [4,5]. Trypanosomasis of cattle locally known as “sineche” or “Gendi” can be found in many province of Ethiopia were it has greatly hindered development.

The most important Trypanosome species affecting livestock in Ethiopia Trypanosome Congolese, T. vivax and T. bruci in cattle, sheep and goat, T. evansi in camels and T. equiperdem in horse [10]. Trypanosome vivax, Trypanosome congolonse, Trypanosome bruci bruci and Trypanosome simae are the four main species responsible for African Trypanosome cases affecting virtually all domestic mammals Trypanosome vivax and Trypanosome Congolese are the main pathogen of cattle. The four species are members of the salivarian group of Trypanosome are transmitted cyclically via the mouth part of tsetse flies, hence the name salivarian Trypanosome. Trypanosoma vivax usually numerous in bovine blood and can be identified by its very fast movement in wet films, in stained smears it is along slender with long free flagellum. Trypanosoma Congolese is smaller, sluggish in wet film and in stained smears it is short and no free flagellum [11]. The epidemiology of Trypanosome depends on the distributions of the vectors, the virulence of the parasite and the response of the host.

There is also a difference in host susceptibility to trypanosome which is best exemplified by the small east African breeds of cattle such as n`dama and West African short horn. These animals are less susceptible to the diseases that zebu or the European breeds and are commonly found in endemic areas of Trypanosomosis. They are referred to as Trypanotolerant breeds [12-14].

In the pathogenesis infected tsetse inoculates Meta cyclic trypanosomes in to the skins of animals were the trypanosomes grow for few days caused localized swelling (chancre). They enter the lymph nodes, then the blood stream, were they divide rapidly by binary fission in T. congolonse infection. The organism attaches to the endothelial cells and localize in capillaries and small blood vessel, T. bruci species and T. vivax invade tissue and cause damage in several organs. The immune response is vigorous and immune complexes cause inflammation, which contributes to the signs and lesions of the disease anti bodies against the surface coat glycol proteins kill the trypanosome. However trypanosomes have multiple genes that code for different surface coat glycoprotein’s that are not vulnerable to the immune response [15].

The diagnosis is important at both in clinical medicine and epidemiological investigation. The disease shows a variety of clinical manifestations, which are also common to other disease. The disease may run acute, chronic or sub clinical course and fever can be observed which can be intermittent due to the variation parasetemia and the animal survives, the disease become chronic there is development of anemia and emaciation. Anemia, fever and loss of condition are important parameters, which are routinely used for tentative diagnosis of trypanosomosis. In areas were the disease is endemic and laboratory service are not available. However, clinical sign of trypanosomosis are not pathogenic to the disease and diagnosis is safely attained by parasitological methods live dark ground phase contrast Buffy coat technique [16]. Which can be used under field condition to detect the presence or absence of trypanosomosis species are identified from thin or thick smears of positive samples [5].

Treatment against trypanosomosis in order to be effective should be given early in the initial phase of fluctuating parasetemia. As no new drugs have been withdrawal because of resistance, treatment is now essential limited to two compounds diminazine aceturate and homideuem salts (either chloride or bromide) [17,18]. control is aimed at interrupting the cycle of development of the protozoan, either with in the mammalian host or the insect vector control of trypanosomosis except for dourin can be based on; control of the parasite trypanosomes control of vectors tsetse or biting flies; use of trypanotolerant animals and integrated approach combing other methods [5]. Vector control is the most reliable means of disease control since it removes the treat of trypanosomosis on a permanent basis.

However studies have not yet been carried out on the epidemiology, prevalence and economic significance of bovine Trypanosomosis in the study site. Therefore the objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of bovine pcv in relative to Trypanosomosis.

Thus the objectives of this study were

1. To study the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Gurage Zone Enemorena ener woreda

2. To determine some associated risk factors

3. To compare pcv in relation to trypanosome

Materials and Methods

Study area

The present study on the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was conducted in three selected kebele and peasant association of Gurage zone enemore ener district. Enemorenaener one of the Gurage zone woreda situated about 470 km from Hawassa and 198 km from Addis Ababa. It is located on the equator at 802’11’’ N0 latitude and 3705’1’’E0 longitude. The altitude of the study area ranges from 1200 to 2500 m.a.s.l and its total area is estimated to be 107,584 hectare of land. The distribution of the rain is bio medial with short rain from January to April and high rain from June to September. The average annual rain fall is 950 mm and Enemornaener woreda and its surrounding is characterized by with minimum and maximum temperature ranging from 6 to 28 respectively. The vegetation is savanna type with scattered bush the livestock population that are found in Enemorenaener woreda include cattle 181,485, sheep 15,327, goats 15,327, horse 5,238, mule 3124, donkey 5845 and poultry 80875 among the animal cattle are the dominant species raised in the area. The cattle population in the district is estimated to be over 181,485 [19]. The body condition of the sampled animal was done according to [20] from 1 to 9 scales, their age, breed and sex was also documented during sampling. The local human population is principally engaged in livestock crop (mixed) farming system and the major crops growing in Enemorenaener woreda are maize, teff, sour gem and paean [19].

Study population

Cross sectional study was conducted on 384 indigenous cattle managed under small holder mixed crop livestock farming system local indigenous zebu cattle were considered in the study.

Study design

Sampling method and sampling size determination: The sampling method applied in the present study was a simple random sampling; from the study population of 128 animals from each three selected peasant association of Enemorenaener woreda. The sample size was calculated by using thrust field formula [21] using 95% cl and expected prevalence of 50%.

Study Methodology and Procedure

Questioner survey

Questioner was ready all about the diseases and risk factors which they encountered and disseminated to farmers which are under the research area out of three peasant associations in each target group 33,33,34 in Shumoro, Jatu and Agare respectively farmers selected for questioner and they give answer as one problem in the study area.

Collection and examination of blood samples

Blood was collected using sterile procedures to avoid mechanical transmission of trypanosomes and other haemoparasite. Since many parasites are more concentrated in small blood vessels, blood collection will be made from ear veins (capillaries) to easily detect parasitemias.

Buffy coat technique parasitological survey

Blood sample were collected after properly restraining the animal and aseptically preparing the area around the veins. It was collected from the ear vein by using sterile blood lancet and heparinized micro hematocrit capillary tube.

Thin blood smear

A small drop of blood was taken and spread over the slide to examine trypanosomosis species and movement.

Pcv

Following the same steps the tubes the above centrifuged tubes were then placed in hematocrit and the reading were expressed as a percentage of packed red cells to the total volume of whole blood. Animal with pcv <24% were considered to be anemia.

Data management and analysis

Data collected from trypanosome infection survey entered in to ms-excel spread sheet program to create data base statistical analysis was employed with IBM spss statistic 23 soft ware for data management and analysis. The tested hypothesis were of prevalenceof trypanosomosis, prevalence of trypanosomosis the relation between pcv value and prevalence of trypanosomosis were tested kind of description statics which were used are confidence interval, mean and chi- square method.

Results

Questionnaire survey

Parasitic diseases like mange mites, ticks, gastrointestinal helminthiasis and blood parasitic diseases like trypanosomiasis, bacterial diseases including blackleg, anthrax, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, caprine pleuropneumonia, mastitis were listed as most important livestock diseases in the area. From the questionnaire it was indicated that trypanosomiasis was the most important and the first cause of morbidity and mortality of cattle in Enemorena ener woreda, even after control program has been conducted for years by different stakeholders. Of these listed diseases, from 100 farmers 67(67%) of the interviewed farmers ranked trypanosomiasis as the priority disease affecting their cattle and the risk factor is lack of feed in dry season.

Parasitological survey

A cross sectional study was conducted on 384 randomly selected cattle to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis and evaluate associated risk factors. The result of the survey showed that an overall prevalence of 5.2 % (95% cl=0.92-1.08). On peasant association basis shumoro was highest prevalence 6.3% followed by jatu 5.5%and agare 3.9% (Table 1).