Review on Pasteurellosis: Causes, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Current Status in Ethiopia

Review Article

Austin J Microbiol. 2023; 8(1): 1042.

Review on Pasteurellosis: Causes, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Current Status in Ethiopia

Abdi Ahmed Umer*; Ebisa Mezgebu

Animal Health Institute (AHI), Microbiology Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia

*Corresponding author: Abdi Ahmed Umer Animal Health Institute (AHI), Microbiology Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia. Email: abdivet2014@gmail.com

Received: April 27, 2023 Accepted: May 31, 2023 Published: June 07, 2023

Abstract

Infectious diseases are one of the key constraints like pneumonic pasteurellosis is most recurrent respiratory infections that affect ruminants. This disease is caused by transportation stress, bacteria, viruses and climatic changes. A variety of etiologic agent form this multi-factorial disease such as Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) (P. multocida gallicida, P. multocida multocida) and P. multocida septica. may also be divided into five capsular serogroups (A-E) and sixteen somatic serotypes [1-16]. Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) formerly named P. haemolytica has two biotypes A and T depending on arabinose and trehalose fermentation. The colonies produced by M. haemolytica are odorless, moist, smooth, grayish, and translucent measuring approximately 1-3mm in diameter on blood agar plates while the colonies of P. multocida are round, grayish, shiny and non-haemolytic. Pneumonic pasteurellosis diagnosis is based on the clinical symptoms, necropsy, and bacteria isolation, Biolog, molecular and by the recent developed bacterial diagnostic technique called Matrix-Assisted-Laser-Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS), a fast, reliable and cost-effective method. Pasteurellosis is complex multifactorial disease and difficult to control but good management and prevention is advisable.

Keywords: Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurellosis; Diagnosis.

Introduction

Livestock have been domesticated for their meat and milk all over the world. Ethiopia boasts Africa's largest national livestock population [20]. However, due to a various technical, financial and health issues, production of livestock resource is marginalized in Africa. Infectious diseases are one of the health elements that have an impact on animal output [36]. Pneumonic pasteurellosis is one of the most common respiratory diseases that affect ruminant. Pasteurella sp. are gram negative rods or coccobacilli, non-motile, non-spore forming, facultative anaerobic, oxidase and catalase positive, bipolar bacteria that belong to the family Pasteurellaceae [53]. A variety of etiologic agents create this multi-factorial disease of pasteurellosis which is caused by the bacteria Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) [46].

M. haemolytica and Pasteurella P. multocida are commensal bacteria found in the tonsils and nasopharynx of healthy animals [1]. Many are identified as opportunistic or primary infections in animals. Transmission of agents occurs by inhalation of infected droplet, coughed up or exhaled from infected animals, carriers in which the infection persists in the upper respiratorytract [35]. The disease is caused by transportation stress, bacteria, viruses and climatic changes. Pneumonic pasteurellosis diagnosis is based on the clinical signs, postmortem lesions, isolation and molecular characterization of the bacteria and by currently emerged bacterial and fungi diagnostic method Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) is a reliable alternative to detect bacteria and fungi Protein [69].

The method is based on analysis of bacterial proteins, mainly ribosomal which are particularly abundant in the bacterial cells [19]. MALDI-TOF MS represents a universal, fast and cost-effective and it is an open system that can be complemented with own reference data. A various genera and species of Pasteurellaceae was analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS [38]. Pasteurellosis is complex multifactorial disease and difficult to control but good management, control and preventive measures are desirable [63].

In recent years MALDI-TOF MS has revolutionized routine identification of bacteria diagnosis in many countries. However, in Ethiopia this Rapid and reliable machine (MALDI TOF) was not available before 2020 years and up to date, there is no report on the use of MALDI TOF mass spectrometry diagnosis of Pasteurellosis.

Therefore, this review is aimed to make inclusive overview of causes, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of Pasteurellosis, disease with MALDI-TOF MS and other methods and its status in Ethiopia.

Etiology of Pasteurellosis

The Mannheimia and Pasteurella are small, non-motile, non-spore forming, gram- negative rods or coccobacilli and facultative anaerobic bacteria that belong to the family Pasteurellaceae. They are oxidase and catalase positive and reduce nitrates and carbohydrates fermentatively and Bipolarity of Pasteurella and Mannheimia can be seen in Giemsa-stained smears [47]. There are several species of P. multocida and M. haemolytica are most clinically relevant to animals. P.multocida is divided into three different subspecies: P.multocida gallicida, P. multocida multocida, and P. multocida septica. P.multocida subspecies may also be divided into five capsular serogroups (A-E) and sixteen somatic serotypes [1-16]. B2 and E2 cause hemorrhagic septicemia in addition to the possible pneumonia, enteritis, or septicemia caused by the remainder of the capsular serogroups and somatic serotypes [48]. M. haemolytica formerly named (P. haemolytica) has two biotypes A and T depending on arabinose and trehalose fermentation. Biotype A is further subdivided into 13 serotypes (A1, A2, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A11, A12, A13, A14, A16 and A17) that cause pneumonic pasteurellosis (shiping fever) in cattle, sheep and goats (Table 1). P. haemolytica is carried in the nasopharynx and tonsils of apparently healthy sheep and goat. Lambs acquire infection soon after birth, presumably by contact [34]. The carriage rate is low in normal healthy flocks and an assortment of serotypes is present. In flocks suffering by outbreaks, the carriage rate is high, and a few specific serotypes dominate. Thus, a high carriage rate is indicative of prevalent infection in the vicinity. This carriage status has been found to display seasonal variations [10].