Genetic Characterization and Allele Frequencies of Three Populations of Systomus sarana (Hamilton, 1822) of Madhya Pradesh Reveled by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

Research Article

Austin J Biotechnol Bioeng. 2023; 10(2): 1126.

Genetic Characterization and Allele Frequencies of Three Populations of Systomus sarana (Hamilton, 1822) of Madhya Pradesh Reveled by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA

Garg RK¹*; Shweta Mishra²

1Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026 (M.P.) India

2Awadesh Pratap Singh (APS) University, Rewa (M.P.), India

*Corresponding author: RK Garg Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026 (M.P.) India. Email: drrkgarg136@gmail.com

Received: October 31, 2023 Accepted: December 04, 2023 Published: December 11, 2023

Abstract

The random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) technique was examined as a potential tool for identification of genetic stock, gene diversity/gene frequencies studies. During this investigation, total 17 specimens from three study sites i.e., Upper Lake (Bhopal), Kshipra dam (Ujjain) and Wainganga river (Balaghat) were studied and delineated genetic studies and allele frequencies studies among the three populations. Total numbers of multiple loci/DNA fingerprints were 27 in all three populations of which number of polymorphic loci were in 8 in Upper Lake, 11 Kshipra Dam, 8 Wainganga River. Genetic differentiation (GST) among the populations was found to be as 0.5926, estimated gene flow between population as Nm=0.3437, intra-population heterozygosity as HS=0.1518 and total heterozygosity as HT=0.3726 clearly reflecting high genetic polymorphism. Nei’s unbiased genetic identity and genetic distance was obtained as highest distance between Upper Lake and Kishpra dam as 0.7223 however, less genetic distance was obtained between Wainganga River and Khipra dam populations. However, population wise, the genetic analyses in Upper Lake Bhopal indicated lower genetic polymorphism (P) as 29.63% as compared to rest of population’s i.e., Kshipra Dam 40.74% and Wainganga River 62.96%. Nei’s gene diversity (h) was observed as 0.1306 in Upper Lake Bhopal, 0.1288 in Kshipra Dam and 0.1956 Wainganga River reflecting much higher gene diversity in Wainganga River. This may be due to declined of genetic variation in the stocks which could cause by manipulation of habitat as the natural habitat or pressure of anthropogenic activities around the reservoir which may cause the threats of fish habitats.

Keywords: DNA fingerprinting; Gene diversity; Gene frequency; Allele frequencies; Heterogeneity; Haplotype diversity

Introduction

Loss of biodiversity is one of the biggest challenges facing modern society because environmental calamity is increasingly evidenced by the loss or deterioration of genetic resources and habitats, as well as recent attempts to highlight and address the issue at the highest international levels. Despite the enriched biodiversity is accessible species-specific information to assist in sustainable resource management is scarce. Study on genetic diversity with a reliable method to serve the conservation management plan for fish diversity Madhya Pradesh.

Systomus (Puntius) sarana is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the Puntius genus of cyprinidae family. This species is commonly called as 'olive barb' which can be used both as food fish and ornamental fish. The generic status of the fish is still unclear and keeps flipping between Barbodes and Systomus sarana is a widespread species with no known major widespread threats. Currently, based on its wide distribution and apparent lack of threats it is assessed as Least Concern. However, the species needs to be thoroughly studied before a re-evaluation is done.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) is a widely used molecular tool in detection and characterization of genetic polymorphisms in natural populations with higher speed and efficiency. RAPD-PCR amplifies DNA segments of variable lengths and such length polymorphisms are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and thus can be used as genetic markers [1]. The main advantage of RAPDs is that they are quick and easy to assay. Because PCR is involved, only low quantities of template DNA are required. Since random primers are commercially available, no sequence data for primer construction are needed. Moreover, RAPDs have a very high genomic abundance and are randomly distributed throughout the genome.

In many studies, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) approach served as a powerful and reliable tool for the identification of diversity, comprising all major taxa including marine as well as freshwater species from different geographic regions [2,3].

The present study explored the utility of the RAPD-PCR approaches as a molecular technique for the identification of genetic characterization in Systomus sarana of three population of Madhya Pradesh and evaluated the gene flows success rates based on allele frequencies.

Materials and Methods

Survey and Samples Collection

A detailed survey has been carried out in different three study sites of the major water bodies of the Madhya Pradesh i.e., Upper Lake (Bhopal), Kshipra Dame (Ujjain) and Wainganga River (Balaghat). A total 17 samples of Systomus sarana were collected mainly in summer season (Table 1) with the help of local fishermen and geographic coordinates of the collection sites were recorded as shown in Table 1. The fish specimens were identified with the help of keys [4].